Bí kíp Hướng dẫn Materials that burn at normal oxygen levels will burn more intensely in _____ atmospheres. Mới Nhất
Bạn đang tìm kiếm từ khóa Materials that burn at normal oxygen levels will burn more intensely in _____ atmospheres. 2022-10-25 11:15:51 san sẻ Bí kíp về trong nội dung bài viết một cách 2021.
Millions of years ago, algae and plants lived in shallow seas. After dying and sinking to the seafloor, the organic material mixed with other sediments and was buried. Over millions of years under high pressure and high temperature, the remains of these organisms transformed into what we know today as fossil fuels. Coal, natural gas, and petroleum are all fossil fuels that formed under similar conditions. Show
Today, petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were located. Petroleum reservoirs can be found beneath land or the ocean floor. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines. Crude oil is usually black or dark brown, but can also be yellowish, reddish, tan, or even greenish. Variations in color indicate the distinct chemical compositions of different supplies of crude oil. Petroleum that has few metals or sulfur, for instance, tends to be lighter (sometimes nearly clear). Petroleum is used to make gasoline, an important product in our everyday lives. It is also processed When petroleum products such as gasoline are burned for energy, they release toxic gases and high amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Carbon helps regulate the Earth’s atmospheric temperature, and adding to the natural balance by burning fossil fuels adversely There are huge quantities of petroleum found under Earth’s surface and in tar pits that bubble to the surface. Petroleum even exists far below the deepest wells that are developed to extract it. However, petroleum, like coal and natural gas, is a non-renewable source of energy. It took millions of years for it to form, and when it is extracted and Oil supplies will run out. Eventually, the world will reach “peak oil,” or its highest production level. Some experts predict peak oil could come as soon as 2050. Finding alternatives to petroleum is crucial to global energy use, and is the focus of many industries. Formation of Petroleum The geological Eventually, ancient seas dried up and dry basins remained, called sedimentary basins. Deep under the basin floor, the organic material was compressed between Earth’s mantle, with very high temperatures, and millions of tons of rock and sediment above. Oxygen was almost completely absent in these conditions, and the organic matter began to transform into a waxy substance called kerogen. With more heat, time, and pressure, the kerogen underwent a process Sedimentary basins, where ancient seabeds used to lie, are Chemistry and Classification of Crude Oil The gasoline we use to fuel our cars, the synthetic fabrics of our backpacks and shoes, and the Chemistry Due to this variation, crude oil that is pumped from the ground can consist of hundreds of different petroleum compounds. Light oils can contain up to 97% Classification Classification: Geography Brent Crude is a mixture that comes from 15 different oil fields between Scotland and Norway West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is a lighter oil that is produced mostly in the U.S. state of Texas. It is “sweet” and “light”—considered very high quality. WTI supplies much of North America with oil. Dubai crude, also known as Fateh or Dubai-Oman crude, is a light, sour oil that is produced in Dubai, part of the United Arab Emirates. The nearby country of Oman has recently begun producing oil. Dubai and Oman crudes are used The OPEC Reference Basket is another important oil source. OPEC is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The OPEC Reference Basket is the average price of petroleum from OPEC’s 12 thành viên countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Classification: Sulfur Content Sweet oil is usually much more valuable than sour because it does not require as much refining and is less harmful to the environment. Classification: API Gravity API gravity is a measure of the density of petroleum liquid compared to water. If a petroleum liquid’s API gravity is greater than 10, it is “light,” and floats on top of water. If the API gravity is less than 10, it is “heavy,” and sinks in water. Light oils are preferred because they have a higher yield of hydrocarbons. Heavier oils have greater Petroleum Reservoirs Petroleum is found in underground pockets called reservoirs. Deep beneath the Earth, pressure is extremely high. Petroleum slowly seeps out toward the surface, where there is lower pressure. It continues this movement from high to low pressure until it encounters a layer of rock that is impermeable. The petroleum then collects Petroleum can be contained by structural traps, which are formed when massive layers of rock are bent or faulted (broken) from the Earth’s shifting landmasses. Oil can also be contained by stratigraphic traps. Different strata, or layers of rock, can have different amounts of Geologists, chemists, and engineers look for geological structures that typically trap petroleum. They use a process called “seismic reflection” to locate The amount of petroleum in a reservoir is measured in barrels or tons. An oil barrel is about 42 gallons. This measurement is usually used by oil producers in the United States. Oil producers in Europe and Asia tend to measure in metric tons. There are about 6 to 8 barrels of oil in a metric ton. The conversion is imprecise because different varieties of oil weigh different amounts, depending on the amount of impurities. Crude oil is frequently found in reservoirs along with natural gas. In the past, natural gas Extracting Petroleum In some places, petroleum bubbles to the surface of the Earth. In parts of Saudi Arabia and Iraq, for instance, porous rock allows oil to The total amount of petroleum in a reservoir is called oil-in-place. Many petroleum liquids that make up a reservoir’s oil-in-place are unable to be extracted. These petroleum liquids may be too difficult, dangerous, or expensive to drill. The part of a reservoir’s oil-in-place that can be extracted and refined is that reservoir’s Drilling can either be developmental, exploratory, or directional. Drilling in an area where oil reserves have already been found is called developmental drilling. Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, has the largest oil reserves in the United States. Developmental drilling Drilling where there are no known reserves is called exploratory drilling. Exploratory, also called “wildcat” drilling, is a risky business with a very high failure rate. However, the potential rewards of striking oil tempt many “wildcatters” to attempt exploratory drilling. “Diamond” Glenn McCarthy, for example, is known as the “King of the Wildcatters” because Directional drilling involves drilling vertically to a known source of oil, then veering the drill bit at an angle to access additional resources. Accusations of directional drilling led to the first Gulf War in 1991. Iraq accused Kuwait Oil Rigs On land, oil can be drilled with an apparatus called an oil rig or drilling rig. Offshore, Primary Production As the drill bit rotates and cuts through the earth, small pieces of rock are chipped off. A powerful flow of air is pumped down the center of the hollow drill, and comes out through the bottom of the drill bit. The air then rushes back toward the surface, carrying with it tiny chunks of rock. Geologists on site can study these pieces of pulverized rock to determine the different rock strata the drill encounters. When the drill hits oil, some of the oil naturally rises from Pumps are used to extract oil. Most oil rigs have two sets of pumps: mud pumps and extraction The petroleum industry uses a wide variety of extraction pumps. Which pump to use depends on the geography, quality, and position of the oil reservoir. Submersible pumps, for example, are submerged directly into the fluid. A gas pump, also called a bubble pump, uses compressed air to force the petroleum to the surface or well. One of the most familiar Successful drilling sites can produce oil for Secondary Recovery Water flooding was discovered by accident. In the 1870s, oil producers in Pennsylvania noticed that abandoned oil wells were accumulating rainwater and groundwater. The weight of the water in the boreholes forced oil out of the reservoirs and into nearby wells, increasing their production. Oil producers soon began intentionally flooding wells as a way to extract more oil. The most prevalent secondary recovery method today is gas drive. During this process, a well is intentionally drilled deeper than the oil reservoir. The deeper well hits a natural gas reservoir, and the high-pressure gas rises, forcing the oil out of its reservoir. Oil Platforms Drilling offshore is much more expensive than drilling onshore. It usually uses the same drilling techniques as onshore, but requires a massive structure that can sustain the tremendous strength of Offshore drilling platforms are some of the largest manmade structures in the world. They often include housing accommodations for people who work on the platform, as well as docking facilities and a helicopter landing pad to transport workers. The platform can either be tethered to the ocean floor and float, or can be a rigid structure that is fixed to the bottom of the ocean, sea, or lake with The Hibernia platform, 315 kilometers (196 miles) off Canada’s eastern shore in the North Atlantic Ocean, is one of the world’s largest oil platforms. More than 70 people work on the platform, in three-week shifts. The platform is 111 meters (364 feet) tall and is anchored to the ocean floor. About 450,000 tons of solid ballast were added to give it additional stability. The platform can store up to 1.3 Oil platforms can cause enormous environmental disasters. Problems with the drilling equipment can cause the oil to explode out of the well and When oil spills in the ocean, it floats on the water and wreaks havoc on the animal population. One of its most devastating effects is on birds. Oil destroys the waterproofing abilities of feathers, and birds are not insulated against the cold ocean water. Thousands can die of hypothermia. Fish and marine mammals, too, are threatened by oil spills. The dark shadows cast by oil spills can look like food. Oil can damage animals’ internal organs and be even more toxic to animals higher up in the food chain, a process called bioaccumulation. A Rigs to Reefs Until the 1980s, oil platforms were deconstructed and removed from the oceans, and the metal was sold as scrap. In 1986, the National Marine Fisheries Association developed the The environmental impact of the Rigs-to-Reefs Program is still being studied. Oil platforms left underwater can pose dangers to ships and divers. Fishing boats have had their nets caught in the platforms, and there are Environmentalists argue that oil companies should be held accountable to the commitment they originally agreed upon, which was to restore the seabed to its original condition. By leaving the platforms in the ocean, oil companies are excused from fulfilling this agreement, and there is concern this could set a precedent for other companies that want to dispose of their metal or machinery in the oceans. Petroleum Crude oil does not always have to be extracted through deep drilling. If it does not encounter rocky obstacles underground, it can seep all the way to the surface and bubble above ground. Bitumen is a form of petroleum that is black, extremely sticky, and sometimes rises to Earth’s surface. In its natural state, bitumen is typically mixed with “oil sands” or “tar sands,” Unfortunately, because bitumen contains high amounts of sulfur and heavy metals, extracting and refining it is both costly and harmful to the environment. Producing bitumen into useful products releases 12% more carbon emissions than processing conventional oil. Bitumen is about the consistency of cold Processing bitumen from tar sands is also a complex, expensive procedure. It takes two tons of oil However, we depend on bitumen for its unique properties: about 85% of the bitumen extracted is used to make asphalt to pave and patch our roads. A small percentage is used for roofing and other products. Bitumen Reserves The Athabasca Oil Sands are the fourth-largest reserves of oil in the world. Unfortunately, the bitumen reserves are located beneath part of the boreal forest, also called the taiga. This makes extraction both difficult and environmentally dangerous. The taiga circles the Northern Hemisphere just below the frozen tundra, spanning more than 5 million square kilometers (2 million square miles), mostly in The taiga is sometimes called the “lungs of the planet” because it filters tons of water and oxygen through the leaves and needles of its trees every day. Every spring, the boreal forest releases immense amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere and keeps our air clean. It is home to a mosaic of plant and animal life, all of which depend on the mature trees, mosses, and lichen of the Surface mines are estimated to only take up 0.2% of Canada’s boreal forest. About 80% of Canada’s oil sands can be accessed through drilling, and 20% by surface mining. Refining Petroleum Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oil or bitumen into more useful products, such as fuel or asphalt. Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities, from sulfur to sand. These components have to be separated. This is Propane, kerosene, and other components condense Petroleum Industry Oil was not always extracted, refined, and used by millions of people as it is today. However, it has always been an important part of many cultures. The earliest known oil wells were drilled in Trung Quốc as early as 350 CE. The wells were drilled On the west coast of North America, indigenous people used bitumen as an adhesive to make canoes and baskets By the 7th century, Japanese engineers discovered that petroleum could be burned for light. Oil was later distilled into kerosene by a Persian alchemist in the 9th century. During the 1800s, petroleum slowly replaced whale oil in kerosene lamps, producing a radical decline in whale-hunting. The modern oil industry was established in the 1850s. The first well was drilled in Poland in 1853, and the technology The Industrial Revolution created a vast new opportunity for the use of petroleum. Machinery powered by steam engines quickly became too slow, small-scale, and expensive. Petroleum-based fuel was in demand. The invention of the mass-produced automobile in the early 20th century further increased demand for petroleum. Petroleum production has rapidly increased. In 1859, the U.S. According to OPEC, more than 70 million barrels are produced worldwide every day. That is almost 49,000 barrels per minute. Although that seems like an impossibly high amount, the uses for petroleum have expanded to almost every area of life. Petroleum makes our lives easy in many ways. In many countries, including the U.S., the The United States consumes more oil than any other country. In 2011, the U.S. consumed more than 19 million barrels of oil every day. This is more than all of the oil consumed in Latin America (8.5 million) and Eastern Europe and Eurasia (5.5 million) combined. Petroleum is an ingredient in thousands of everyday items. The gasoline that we depend on for Diesel-powered generators are used in many remote homes, schools, and hospitals. During emergencies, when the power grid is interrupted, diesel generators save lives by providing electricity to hospitals, apartment complexes, schools, and other buildings that would otherwise be cold and “in the dark.” Petroleum is also used in liquid products such as nail polish, rubbing alcohol, and ammonia. Petroleum is found in recreational items as diverse as surfboards, footballs and basketballs, bicycle tires, golf bags, tents, cameras, and fishing lures. Petroleum is also contained in more essential items such as artificial limbs, water pipes, and vitamin capsules. In our homes, we are surrounded by and depend on products that contain petroleum. House paint, trash bags, roofing, shoes, telephones, hair curlers, and even crayons contain refined petroleum. Carbon Cycle There are major disadvantages to extracting fossil fuels, and extracting petroleum is a controversial industry. Carbon, an essential element on Earth, makes up about 85% of the hydrocarbons in petroleum. Carbon constantly cycles between the water, land, and atmosphere. Carbon is absorbed by plants and is part of every living organism as it moves through the food web. Carbon is naturally released through volcanoes, soil erosion, and evaporation. When carbon is released into the atmosphere, it absorbs and retains heat, Not all of the carbon on Earth is involved in the carbon cycle above ground. Vast quantities of it are sequestered, or stored, underground, in the form of fossil fuels and in the soil. This sequestered carbon is necessary because it keeps the Earth’s “carbon budget” balanced. However, that budget is falling out of balance. Since the Industrial Revolution, The taiga, for example, sequesters vast amounts of carbon in its trees and below the forest floor. Drilling for natural resources not only releases the carbon stored in the fossil fuels, but also the carbon stored in the forest itself. Combusting gasoline, which is made from petroleum, is particularly harmful to the environment. Every 3.8 liters (1 gallon) of ethanol-không lấy phí gas that is combusted in a car’s engine releases about 9 kilograms (20 pounds) of carbon dioxide into the environment. (Gasoline infused with 10% ethanol releases about 8 kilograms (17 pounds.)) Diesel fuel releases about 10 kilograms (22 pounds) of carbon Gasoline and diesel also directly pollute the atmosphere. They emit toxic compounds and particulates, including formaldehyde and benzene. People and Petroleum Oil is a major component of modern civilization. In developing countries, access to affordable energy can empower However, a developing country’s access to oil can also affect Peak Oil Measuring peak oil uses the reserves-to-production ratio (RPR). This ratio compares the amount of proven oil reserves to the current extraction rate. The reserves-to-production ratio is expressed in years. The RPR is different for every oil rig and every oil-producing area. Oil-producing regions According to one industry report, the United States has an RPR of about nine years. The oil-rich, developing nation of Iran, which has a much lower consumption rate, has an RPR of more than 80 years. It is impossible to know the precise year for peak oil. Some geologists argue it has already passed, while others maintain that extraction technology will delay peak oil for decades. Petroleum Alternatives Individuals, industries, and organizations are increasingly concerned with peak oil and environmental consequences of petroleum extraction. Alternatives to oil are being developed in some areas, and governments and organizations are encouraging citizens to change their habits so we do not rely so heavily on oil. Bioasphalts, for example, are asphalts made from renewable sources such as molasses, sugar, corn, potato starch, or even byproducts of oil processes. Although they provide a non-toxic alternative to bitumen, bioasphalts require huge crop yields, which puts a strain on the agricultural industry. Algae is also a potentially enormous source of energy. Algae oil (so-called “green crude”) can be converted into a biofuel. Algae grows extremely quickly and takes up a fraction of the space used The country of Sweden has made it a priority to drastically reduce its dependence on oil and other fossil fuel energy by 2020. Experts in agriculture, science, industry, forestry, and energy have come Fast Fact Playtime Fast Fact Tar Pits Articles & Profiles Interactives Article What kind of a fire occurs when the amount of available oxygen is limited?Pyrolysis – the breakdown of the molecules of a solid material from exposure to heat into gaseous molecules that may combust in the flame. – Generally occurs because of limited oxygen access to the burning surfaces. What causes flaming combustion to occur?Flaming combustion (e.g., that caused by an open flame source, such as a match, cigarette lighter or candle), requires that the polymer undergoes decomposition to form small, volatile organic compounds that constitute the fuel for the flame. Which type of phenomenon occurs when the fire rapidly transitions from the growth stage to the fully developed stage?The flashover point is the sudden transition from a growth stage to fully developed fire. When flashover occurs, there is a rapid transition to a state of total surface involvement of all combustible material within the compartment. Which type of phenomenon occurs when the fire rapidly?2.5 Spontaneous combustion. Spontaneous combustion is the phenomenon in which a hydrocarbon (or a chemical substance) substance unexpectedly bursts into flame without apparent cause. In ordinary combustion, the hydrocarbon is deliberately heated to its ignition point to make it burn. |
Review Materials that burn at normal oxygen levels will burn more intensely in _____ atmospheres. ?
Một số hướng dẫn một cách rõ ràng hơn về Video Materials that burn at normal oxygen levels will burn more intensely in _____ atmospheres. tiên tiến và phát triển nhất .
Chia SẻLink Download Materials that burn at normal oxygen levels will burn more intensely in _____ atmospheres. miễn phí
Bann đang tìm một số trong những Share Link Cập nhật Materials that burn at normal oxygen levels will burn more intensely in _____ atmospheres. Free.
#Materials #burn #normal #oxygen #levels #burn #intensely #atmospheres