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Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes. Nội dung chính What is a hypothesis? Variables in hypotheses Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question Step 2. Do some preliminary research Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis 4. Refine your hypothesis 5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways 6. Write a null hypothesis Hypothesis examples Frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses What type of research hypothesis predict the relationship between two variables? Is when there is a predicted relationship between two variables observed? What is the relationship of variables in research? A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection. Example: Hypothesis Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits. What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question. A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can tư vấn or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data). Variables in hypotheses Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables. An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures. Example: Hypothesis Daily exposure to the sun leads to increased levels of happiness. In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause. The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect. Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question Do students who attend more lectures get better exam results? Step 2. Do some preliminary research Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find. At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalise more complex constructs. Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence. Attending more lectures leads to better exam results. 4. Refine your hypothesis You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain: The relevant variables The specific group being studied The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis 5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve. In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables. The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their exam scores. If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them. First-year students who attended most lectures will have better exam scores than those who attended few lectures. 6. Write a null hypothesis If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing, you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H0, while the alternative hypothesis is H1 or Ha. H0: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores. H1: The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores. Hypothesis examples Research question Hypothesis Null hypothesis What are the health benefits of eating an apple a day? Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result in decreasing frequency of doctor’s visits. Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will have no effect on frequency of doctor’s visits. Which airlines have the most delays? Low-cost airlines are more likely to have delays than premium airlines. Low-cost and premium airlines are equally likely to have delays. Can flexible work arrangements improve job satisfaction? Employees who have flexible working hours will report greater job satisfaction than employees who work fixed hours. There is no relationship between working hour flexibility and job satisfaction. How effective is high school sex education at reducing teen pregnancies? Teenagers who received sex education lessons throughout high school will have lower rates of unplanned pregnancy than teenagers who did not receive any sex education. High school sex education has no effect on teen pregnancy rates. What effect does daily use of social truyền thông have on the attention span of under-16s? There is a negative correlation between time spent on social truyền thông and attention span in under-16s. There is no relationship between social truyền thông use and attention span in under-16s. Frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question. A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can tư vấn or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data). Sources in this article We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below. This Scribbr article McCombes, S. (May 6, 2022). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved October 17, 2022, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/ Is this article helpful? You have already voted. Thanks 🙂 Your vote is saved 🙂 Processing your vote… What type of research hypothesis predict the relationship between two variables? A simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single dependent variable and a single independent variable. A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship between two or more independent and dependent variables. Is when there is a predicted relationship between two variables observed? Correlation is a statistical technique that is used to measure and describe a relationship between two variables. Usually the two variables are simply observed, not manipulated. The correlation requires two scores from the same individuals. What is the relationship of variables in research? Relationships between variables can be described as null, covariant, or influential. The null predicts no relationship between variables. The variables function independently of each other. Covariant relationships exist when a change in one variable is associated with a change in the other.

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